Purim During the Shoah: Religious Resistance and Survival

Today is Purim.

Purim during the Shoah was more than a holiday. It became a quiet act of Jewish resistance, identity, and survival in the face of Nazi persecution.

A holiday of masks, reversals, and political intrigue.

This year, I am sharing two powerful articles in French by my friend Sonia Sarah Lipsyc, published in partnership with the Montreal Holocaust Museum. Sonia explores an often-overlooked aspect of the Shoah: the role of religious resistance during that period. You can read them here:

We are familiar with stories of armed uprisings and resistance fighters. But what does defiance look like when it takes place through prayer? Through ritual? Through the insistence on keeping the Jewish calendar?

Sonia shows how Jews in ghettos and camps across Europe continued to observe Purim under circumstances that would seem almost impossible.

The Nazis did not seek only to kill Jews. They sought to wipe out Jewish life: its memory, its learning, and its identity. In that kind of world, even the smallest religious act became a form of defiance.

Purim is not just a children’s story. The Book of Esther begins with a political argument: “There is a people scattered among us; their laws are different, and they do not quite belong.” (Esther 3:8) We have heard that argument before.

And yet, in the Scroll of Esther, the Megillah, God’s name is never mentioned. What we see instead are royal commands, power struggles, and a climate of fear.

For Jews living through the Shoah, those threats were not symbolic. They were very real.

For many Jews, Purim during the Shoah offered a way to preserve dignity, memory, and faith. Sonia describes how Purim helped many interpret their reality. Some rabbis went further. They said that in those years, simply surviving as a Jew was no small thing. That was the resistance the circumstances demanded. And yet many defied everything to keep their sacred holidays, prayers, and rituals.

What does it mean to choose life when everything around you says die?
How do you read Esther and speak about joy in the Warsaw Ghetto?
What does faith look like then?

Sonia thanks me at the end of her articles. In truth, I am grateful to her. Her work reminds us that resistance is not always dramatic or visible. Sometimes it is deliberate. Sometimes it is simply refusing to deny who you are.

I invite you to read Sonia’s work in full. It is researched, moving, and unsettling in the best way.

Purim Sameah.

When the World Spins: Finding Renewal Across Generations

“Forog a világ!” — The world is spinning!

This was one of my late father’s favourite sayings. Friends and family still recall him repeating it with a mix of wonder and resignation, as if to say: life keeps moving, history keeps turning, and none of us can step off the ride.

My father, Laszlo Eliezer Hirsch, was born in 1914 and passed into the next world on Simchat Torah in 1995. He was a handsome Hungarian Jew who, as a young man before the war, rejected the Hasidic faith of his father, but after surviving the horrors of World War II, he embraced it wholeheartedly. For the rest of his life, he was a generous, practicing Jew who cherished our far-flung family and welcomed all expressions of mainstream Jewish practice.

Rediscovering My Jewish Path

In recent years, I’ve been delving more deeply into my own Jewish education. My path hasn’t been straightforward. I grew up in a religious Hungarian-Jewish household in Quebec, attended Protestant schools because Catholic ones wouldn’t accept Jewish children, and later found myself studying at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

More recently, I’ve joined classes and study groups in both Montreal and Jerusalem, ranging from Shiviti, a yeshiva for adult women, to lectures by scholars like Yoram Hazony and those organized by the OU in Jerusalem. What I’ve come to see is that our texts are not only about rituals; they’re filled with deep questions and ideas. They form a kind of homeland that we can carry with us wherever we go. Our holidays, too, are both emotional and educational pageants to be experienced in real time.

A Personal Holiday Diary

Just this past week, I experienced the familiar rhythms of Yom Kippur and the joyful anticipation of Sukkot here in Israel.

On Yom Kippur, Jews around the world recite the same timeless prayers, many over a thousand years old. Among them:

“If God were to keep strict account of our sins, who could stand?” — Psalm 130:3

“The LORD, the LORD, merciful and gracious, slow to anger, abundant in kindness and truth.” — Exodus 34:6

These aren’t just words. They form a sacred bond, a reminder that justice must be tempered with compassion, and that God looks not only at what we do but also at what we intend, what the Bible poetically calls “the kidneys and the heart.”

Then comes Sukkot, the holiday known as The Season of Our Joy. We sit in these fragile huts under the open sky and read Ecclesiastes in synagogue, with its haunting refrain:

“Hevel hevelim, hakol hevel” — “Vanity of vanities, all is vanity!”

But it’s worth pausing on that word hevel. In Hebrew, it literally means breath, vapour, or mist, something that appears for a moment and then vanishes. When Kohelet repeats hevel havalim, he’s pressing the point: much of what we chase in life, whether it’s wealth, wisdom, or power, is fleeting, like breath in the air.

Jewish commentators have interpreted this in many ways:

  • Rashi taught that worldly concerns are empty without God.
  • Ibn Ezra reminded us that all human striving is small when measured against eternity.
  • The Kabbalists added something more tender: hevel isn’t only vanity; it’s also the breath of life itself, fragile yet filled with divine meaning.

That’s why we read Kohelet both at funerals and during Sukkot: it reminds us that though our physical lives are temporary, our spiritual connections give them depth and meaning.

Rabbi Jonathan Sacks expressed it beautifully: the sukkah teaches us that true strength lies not in stone temples or empires, but in human connection, humility, and the grace of God.

When I sit in a sukkah and read Kohelet, I often think of Walter Benjamin’s idea of the aura, that special presence you feel when you stand before something authentic, something that cannot be reproduced. A sukkah has that aura for me. Its fragile walls and open roof don’t promise permanence; they invite presence. They remind me that holiness is found in the here and now, in the fleeting moments we share.

Between Holidays and Generations

This year, I spent Rosh Hashanah in Zichron Yaakov, at Moed, the community my nephew Rabbi Yair Silverman founded after moving from Berkeley. Back in California, his synagogue had been a warm home for many. In Israel, he has carried that same spirit forward, creating a space where people gather to pray and learn in simple, heartfelt surroundings.

One moment that stayed with me was his son Amitai’s dvar Torah, shared on his Bar Mitzvah day. He laughed and admitted he loves to eat and could never understand why anyone would willingly choose to fast. But after studying the Mishnah on fasting, he came to see it differently: going without food makes you more aware of others’ hunger, and in that way, it teaches compassion.

Yom Kippur always deepens that sense of closeness to God. In Israel, where Jews, after two thousand years of exile, have regained sovereignty, the whole country participates. The streets empty, the air stills, and an ancient quiet descends that feels both timeless and new.

After spending twenty-five hours in the synagogue, fasting, dressed in white, wearing no leather-soled shoes, and immersed in the age-old liturgy, I always emerge feeling lighter, as though something in the world has shifted. It’s as if our reconciliation with God lingers tangibly in the air.

Now, with Sukkot arriving, fragile huts, sukkot, are rising across balconies and gardens. Delicate huts for fragile lives, reminders that what truly shelters us is not wood or canvas, but the grace of God.

I spent Simchat Torah once again with my nephew Yair and his congregation in Zichron Yaakov. During the Yizkor memorial service, we honoured the lives of those no longer with us, and by kiddush, we commemorated my father’s passing in particular. He would have been well pleased to see his daughter, grandson, great-grandchildren, and the entire Moed community celebrating together.

Where History Meets the Present

And so here I am, between Zichron Yaakov and Jerusalem, watching the world spin, just as my father used to say. From the sweep of empires to the hush of Yom Kippur prayers, from grand ideologies to fragile sukkot, I keep returning to the same simple truth:

Life is fleeting, but meaning is not.
History repeats, but so does mercy.

The world may spin faster than we can bear, but the breath of life, hevel itself, is still a gift we can hold and cherish, moment by moment.

Moadim l’simcha — may your festivals be filled with joy.


Further Reading & References

  • Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, The Greatness of Sukkot – on the meaning of the sukkah and Kohelet. Watch here
  • Walter Benjamin, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction – where he introduces the idea of “aura.”
  • Psalm 130:3 – “If God were to keep strict account of sins, who could stand?”
  • Exodus 34:6 – The Thirteen Attributes of Mercy revealed to Moses.

 

RBG: How Jewish Was She

Ruth Bader Ginsburg (RBG), the remarkable Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, passed away on September 18, 2020, which coincided with Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year. For many, this timing felt deeply symbolic. In Jewish tradition, passing away on the eve of a major holiday is often seen as a mark of righteousness, sparking reflections on how Ginsburg’s Jewish heritage influenced both her personal life and her professional legacy as a legal titan.

In the days following her death, journalist Melanie Phillips published an article titled “RBG: An American Jewish Justice Warrior,” exploring the impact of Ginsburg’s Jewish identity on her career. While this aspect of her life was often overlooked in public narratives, Phillips argued that Judaism significantly shaped Ginsburg’s worldview and sense of justice. This was notably absent in initial media coverage of her passing. Phillips pointed out an inaccuracy in The Guardian’s original statement, which downplayed the importance of Ginsburg’s Jewish roots.

“Ruth was brought up in a Conservative Jewish tradition and learned Hebrew as a child, but abandoned her religion because she was not allowed to join a minyan to mourn her mother’s death when she was 17… and in 1993, President Clinton was anxious to make the Supreme Court more diverse, so Ginsburg’s Jewish religion, which she had given up 46 years earlier, may have counted for more than a lifetime of commitment.”

Many readers found this portrayal troubling, as it seemed to dismiss the deeper connection Ginsburg maintained with her Jewish identity. Following feedback, The Guardian updated its statement to reflect a more accurate account of her relationship with Judaism:

“Ginsburg shifted away from strict religious observance after being denied participation in a minyan for mourning her mother’s death at 17. However, fueled by indignation at this exclusion, she harboured a profound commitment to her Jewish identity.”

This revision more accurately captured the complexity of Ginsburg’s Jewish connection. Although she moved away from formal religious observance, her Jewish values were central to her character and career. So, what critical Jewish principle defined her life? For many, it was her relentless pursuit of justice—a value deeply ingrained in Jewish tradition.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg exemplified a core Jewish value that any observant person would recognize: the pursuit of justice. This principle can be traced back to the legacy of Abraham, who famously challenged G-d on matters of fairness. “Shall the G-d of all the world not practice justice!” (Genesis 18:25) captures Abraham’s plea when G-d intended to destroy the city of Sodom. This demand for justice, even in the face of divine authority, has echoed through Jewish history and clearly influenced Ginsburg’s legal philosophy.

Throughout her tenure on the Supreme Court, Ginsburg was known for her commitment to fairness and equality. Even when she dissented, her arguments often laid the groundwork for future legal developments. Her role in the court reflects the Jewish tradition of establishing courts and impartial judges, rooted in the Torah and the Jewish Bible.

The Torah emphasizes the importance of courts and justice in several key passages:

“Moses and the Israelites were commanded by God to establish courts of judges who received full authority over the people of Israel, who were commanded by God through Moses to obey the judgments made by the courts.”

(Exodus 18:21–22; Numbers 11:16–17; Deuteronomy 1:15–18, 17:9–12)

The Talmud, specifically Tractate Sanhedrin, elaborates on this system of courts, including the Great Sanhedrin, which functioned as the supreme judicial body. The Torah’s strict prohibitions against bribery and partiality further underscore the Jewish commitment to justice:

“You must not distort justice; you must not show partiality; and you must not accept bribes, for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and subverts the cause of those who are in the right.”

(Deuteronomy 16:19)

These teachings are still relevant today because bias and corruption continue to challenge modern justice systems. Ginsburg’s life exemplified the enduring Jewish principle of standing against such injustices. Her commitment to fairness was evident not only in her legal rulings but also in her personal life. Her dedication to her family, especially caring for her mother and husband, reflected the Jewish values of duty and resilience.

Those who knew Ginsburg, including Jeffrey Rosen and Dahlia Lithwick, often spoke of her compassion, focus, and deep respect for others. They suggested that her Jewish upbringing and her experience as a child of immigrants shaped her unique perspective on justice, equality, and fairness. Despite facing personal and professional challenges, she never let anger or bitterness cloud her work or relationships.

Ginsburg’s passing on the eve of Rosh Hashanah added another layer of significance to her legacy. In Jewish tradition, Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of the High Holy Days, a period of reflection and judgment by the Supreme Divine Judge. To pass away on such a day is seen as a sign of righteousness. For many, this timing reinforced the idea that Ginsburg was a tzadik—a righteous figure whose life was devoted to justice, embodying the values central to her Jewish heritage.


FOOTNOTES:

  1. United Nations Development Programme, “Issue Brief: Rule of Law and Development” (New York: United Nations, 2013).
  2. Bribery and Corruption, Bible Commentary on Deuteronomy 16:18-20, Produced by TOW Project.
  3. Jeffrey Rosen, “Conversations with RBG: Ruth Bader Ginsburg on Life, Love, Liberty, and Law,” a recent publication offering a unique glimpse into Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s life and career.
  4. Dahlia Lithwick is a writer covering the courts and law for Slate and the host of the podcast Amicus.